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XKA5032AC數(shù)控立式升降臺(tái)銑床自動(dòng)換刀裝置設(shè)計(jì)
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- XKA5032AC數(shù)控立式升降臺(tái)銑床自動(dòng)換刀裝置（刀庫(kù)式）的設(shè)計(jì)
目 錄
I
摘要 ………………………………………………………………………………………I
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………II
1 緒論 1
1.1 數(shù)控機(jī)床知識(shí) 1
1.2 數(shù)控銑床的分類 1
1.2.1 數(shù)控立式銑床 1
1.2.2 臥式數(shù)控銑床 2
1.2.3 立、臥式兩用數(shù)控銑床 2
1.3 數(shù)控銑床的結(jié)構(gòu)特征 2
1.3.1 數(shù)控銑床的主軸特征 2
1.3.2 控制機(jī)床運(yùn)動(dòng)的坐標(biāo)特征 3
1.4 數(shù)控銑床的主要功能及加工對(duì)象 3
1.4.1 數(shù)控銑床的功能 3
1.4.2 自動(dòng)換刀裝置（ATC）及其形式 3
1.4.3 自動(dòng)換刀裝置應(yīng)當(dāng)滿足的基本要求 5
2 總體方案的確定 5
2.1 XKA5032A/C數(shù)控立式升降臺(tái)銑床及其主要參數(shù) 5
2.1.1 其主要結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) 6
2.1.2 其主要規(guī)格及技術(shù)參數(shù) 6
2.2 初定其自動(dòng)換刀裝置的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù) 7
2.3 確定其自動(dòng)換刀裝置的形式 7
3 刀庫(kù)的設(shè)計(jì) 8
3.1 確定刀庫(kù)容量 8
3.2 確定刀庫(kù)形式 9
3.3 刀庫(kù)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 9
3.4 初估刀庫(kù)驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩及選定電機(jī) 11
3.4.1 初選電動(dòng)機(jī)與降速傳動(dòng)裝置 11
3.4.2 初估刀庫(kù)驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩 11
3.5 刀庫(kù)轉(zhuǎn)位機(jī)構(gòu)的普通圓柱蝸桿傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì) 11
3.6 刀庫(kù)驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩的校核 15
3.7 花鍵聯(lián)接的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算 15
3.8 夾緊機(jī)構(gòu)插銷剪切強(qiáng)度的校核 16
3.9 確定刀具的選擇方式 16
3.10 刀庫(kù)的定位與刀具的松夾 17
4 刀具交換裝置的設(shè)計(jì) 18
4.1 確定換刀機(jī)械手形式 18
4.2 換刀機(jī)械手的工作原理 19
4.3 機(jī)械手的自動(dòng)換刀過程的動(dòng)作順序 20
4.4 機(jī)械手回轉(zhuǎn)軸4上的齒輪齒條設(shè)計(jì) 21
4.5 自動(dòng)換刀裝置的相關(guān)技術(shù)要求 21
4.5.1 主軸準(zhǔn)停裝置 21
4.5.2 換刀機(jī)械手的安裝與調(diào)試 22
4.6 自動(dòng)換刀程序的編制 22
5 自動(dòng)換刀裝置的控制原理 23
5.1 自動(dòng)換刀裝置的液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖 23
5.2 自動(dòng)換刀裝置換刀動(dòng)作的順序控制過程 24
6 典型零件的設(shè)計(jì) 24
6.1 聯(lián)軸器 24
6.1.1 聯(lián)軸器的選用 25
6.1.2 聯(lián)軸器的校核 25
6.2 選擇離合器的類型 25
6.3 蝸桿蝸輪傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)的一些相關(guān)技術(shù)要求 25
6.4 托架的設(shè)計(jì) 25
鳴 謝 26
參考文獻(xiàn) 28
摘要
本論文介紹的是XKA5032A/C數(shù)控立式升降臺(tái)銑床自動(dòng)換刀裝置（刀庫(kù)式）的設(shè)計(jì).刀庫(kù)式的自動(dòng)換刀裝置是由刀庫(kù)和刀具交換裝置（換刀機(jī)械手）組成。它是多工序數(shù)控機(jī)床上應(yīng)用最廣泛的換刀裝置，其整過換刀過程比較復(fù)雜。首先把加工過程中需要使用的全部刀具安裝在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的刀柄上，在機(jī)床外進(jìn)行尺寸預(yù)調(diào)后，按一定的方式裝入刀庫(kù)。換刀時(shí)，先在刀庫(kù)中進(jìn)行選刀，由機(jī)械手從刀庫(kù)和主軸上取出刀具，然后交換位置，把新刀插入主軸，舊刀放回刀庫(kù)。存放刀具的刀庫(kù)具有較大的容量，其容量為六把刀具,采用盤形結(jié)構(gòu),安裝在機(jī)床的左側(cè)立柱上。因?yàn)閄KA5032A/C數(shù)控立式升降臺(tái)銑床外形及其他性能參數(shù)等均與THK6363型自動(dòng)換刀數(shù)控鏜銑床相似，所以本機(jī)床的自動(dòng)換刀裝置的設(shè)計(jì)將仿效THK6363型自動(dòng)換刀數(shù)控鏜銑床換刀裝置，設(shè)計(jì)成采用軸向放置的鼓盤式刀庫(kù)形式和回轉(zhuǎn)式雙臂機(jī)械手組成。
刀具按預(yù)定工序的先后順序插入刀庫(kù)的刀座中，使用時(shí)按順序轉(zhuǎn)到取刀位置。用過的刀具放回原來的刀座內(nèi)，也可以按加工順序放入下一個(gè)刀座內(nèi)。該法不需要刀具識(shí)別裝置，驅(qū)動(dòng)控制也比較簡(jiǎn)單，工作可靠。但刀庫(kù)中每一把刀具在不同工序中不能重復(fù)使用，為了滿足加工需要只有增加刀具的數(shù)量和刀庫(kù)的容量，這就降低了刀具和刀庫(kù)的利用率。此外，裝刀時(shí)必須十分謹(jǐn)慎，如果刀具不按順序裝在刀庫(kù)中，將會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的后果。順序選刀是在加工之前，將加工零件所需刀具按照工藝要求依次插入刀庫(kù)的刀套中，順序不能有差錯(cuò)。加工時(shí)按順序調(diào)刀。適合加工批量較大、工件品種數(shù)量較少的中、小型自動(dòng)換刀裝置。可知數(shù)控銑床用4把刀就可完成大多數(shù)的銑削加工。所以這個(gè)容量為6把刀的刀庫(kù)，幾乎不存在加工過程中需要重復(fù)利用刀具的情況，所以刀具的選擇方式確定為順序選擇刀具。
兩手互相垂直的回轉(zhuǎn)式單臂雙手機(jī)械手的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是換刀動(dòng)作可靠，換好時(shí)間短，缺點(diǎn)是刀柄精度要求高，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，聯(lián)機(jī)調(diào)整的相關(guān)精度要求高，機(jī)械手離加工區(qū)較近。一般來說，這種機(jī)械手用于刀庫(kù)刀座軸線與機(jī)床主軸軸線垂直，刀庫(kù)為徑向存取刀具形式的自動(dòng)換刀裝置，因此，在XKA5032A/C數(shù)控立式升降銑床的自動(dòng)換刀裝置中可采用這種機(jī)械手形式。
關(guān)鍵詞：數(shù)控銑床；自動(dòng)換刀裝置；刀庫(kù)；換刀機(jī)械手
Abstract
This thesis introduction is the design that the XKA5032 A/C number controls the sign type working panel lifter miller to change the knife device(the knife database type) automatically.The knife database type automatically change the knife device is have by the knife database and the knife to exchange device(change the knife the machine hand) to constitute.It is many work ordinal numbers to control the top of the tool machine to apply to change the knife device most extensively, it is whole to lead to change the knife process more complicated.First process process in need to be use of all knifes have to install on the haft of the standard, pressing certain way to pack into the knife database after the tool machine carry on size to prepare to adjust outside.Be in the knife database carry on choosing knife first while change the knife, is taken out knife to have from the knife database and the principal axis by the machine hand, then exchange position, insert the new knife into the principal axis, the old knife puts back a knife database.The knife database that deposits knife to have has bigger capacity, its capacity has for six knifes, adopting the dish form structure, the left side that installs in the tool machine signs pillar up.The XKA5032 A/C number controls the sign type working panel lifter miller shape and other function parameter etc.s to all change the knife with THK6363 typeses automatically number to control the boring miller likeness, so this tool machine changes the knife the design of the device to change the knife in the wake of THK6363 typeses automatically automatically the number control the boring miller to change the knife device, the design becomeses the adoption stalk toward the drum dish type knife database form and the turn-over type double the arm machine hand for place to constitute.
The knife has to press to schedule to the work preface insert the knife of the knife database order of sequence, usage turn to take knife position in order.The knife for using puts back the original knife inside, can also press to process sequence to put into the next knife.That method doesn't need the knife to identify device, driving a control also more simple, work credibility.But the knife database in each knife have in the different work preface and can't repeat an usage, for satisfying to process to need to only increase the capacity of the quantity and the knife database that the knife have, this utilization that lowers knife to have with the knife database.Have to be very careful while packing knife in addition, if the knife doesn't in order have to pack in the knife database, will produce serious result.Sequence's choosing knife is before process, will process the knife that spare parts need to have to request to be one by one in order in the knife set of insert the knife database according to the craft, the sequence can't have mistake.Process adjust knife in order.Suit to process a batch quantity to compare greatly,the work piece the species quantity less of medium,small scaled the auto change the knife device.Can know the number controls miller to use 4 make the knife complete most milling and can pare to process.So this capacity is 6 knife databases of knifes, almost the nonentity process to need to make use of the circumstance that the knife have again in the process, so the knife have of the choice method assurance for in proper order choice the knife have.
Two hands are mutual perpendicular of the advantage of the turn-over type single arm hands machine hand change the knife action credibility, changing good time short, the weakness is the haft accuracy to have high request, structure complications, the linking machine adjust of the related accuracy have high request, the machine hand leaves to process area nearer.Generally speaking, this kind of machine hand useds for the knife database knife the stalk line and the tool machine principal axis stalk line perpendicular, the knife database has a form to change the knife device automatically toward the access knife for the path, therefore can adopt this kind of machine hand form in the XKA5032 A/C number control the sign type rise and fall miller the auto change the knife the device.
Keywords: numerical control milling machines ；Automatic tool changer ；Tool storage ；tool changing-manipulator
該機(jī)床推薦使用的最大切削范圍如下：
銑切鋼：鋼的含碳量0.45%，抗拉強(qiáng)度600N/mm2。銑刀直徑100mm，齒數(shù)4；
銑切寬度50mm，銑切深度3 mm；主軸轉(zhuǎn)速750 r/min，進(jìn)給量750mm/min。
銑切灰鑄鐵：材料HT200，硬度HB150～225。銑刀直徑250mm，齒數(shù)14；
銑切寬度150mm，銑切深度3.7 mm；主軸轉(zhuǎn)速47.5 r/min，進(jìn)給量300mm/min
2.2初定其自動(dòng)換刀裝置的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)
在銑削輪廓時(shí)，為了保證一次連續(xù)地加工出全部表面，應(yīng)選用半徑小于工件最小輪廓半徑的刀具，而在實(shí)際的生產(chǎn)加工中，常盡量選用直徑較大的銑刀，因?yàn)榇笾睆姐姷秳傂院茫陀枚雀摺Ｓ蒟KA5032A/C數(shù)控立式升降臺(tái)銑床推薦使用的最大切削范圍可知，當(dāng)銑切鋼時(shí)，銑刀直徑為100 mm。當(dāng)銑灰鑄鐵時(shí)，銑刀直徑達(dá)250mm。因此，為了滿足該機(jī)床的實(shí)際加工能力與生產(chǎn)情況，在設(shè)計(jì)其自動(dòng)換刀裝置時(shí)，應(yīng)該根據(jù)最大的刀具直徑來設(shè)計(jì)，即設(shè)計(jì)的換刀裝置能交換250mm的刀具。
初估最大直徑刀具的重量為8kgf。
2.3確定其自動(dòng)換刀裝置的形式
數(shù)控機(jī)床的自動(dòng)換刀裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)形式多種多樣，選擇何種形式，主要取決于機(jī)床的種類、工藝范圍以及刀具的種類和數(shù)量等。
由于XKA5032A/C數(shù)控立式升降臺(tái)銑床是一種使用范圍較廣的機(jī)床，且其可加工零件的精度要求也較高，比較上章介紹的幾種換刀形式，決定選用帶刀庫(kù)的自動(dòng)換刀形式。
帶刀庫(kù)的自動(dòng)換刀裝置是由刀庫(kù)和刀具交換裝置（換刀機(jī)械手）組成。它是多工序數(shù)控機(jī)床上應(yīng)用最廣泛的換刀裝置，其整過換刀過程比較復(fù)雜。首先把加工過程中需要使用的全部刀具安裝在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的刀柄上，在機(jī)床外進(jìn)行尺寸預(yù)調(diào)后，按一定的方式裝入刀庫(kù)。換刀時(shí)，先在刀庫(kù)中進(jìn)行選刀，由機(jī)械手從刀庫(kù)和主軸上取出刀具，然后交換位置，把新刀插入主軸，舊刀放回刀庫(kù)。存放刀具的刀庫(kù)可具有較大的容量，它既可以安裝在主軸箱的側(cè)面或上方，也可以作為獨(dú)立部件安裝在機(jī)床以外。
XKA5032A/C數(shù)控立式升降臺(tái)銑床主軸箱上方?jīng)]有好的安裝位置，安裝在機(jī)床外又要增加刀具運(yùn)輸時(shí)間，降低效率，所以安裝在機(jī)床側(cè)面最合適，有些部件交錯(cuò)的地方，作適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整。因?yàn)閄KA5032A/C數(shù)控立式升降臺(tái)銑床外形及其他性能參數(shù)等均與THK6363型自動(dòng)換刀數(shù)控鏜銑床相似，所以本機(jī)床的自動(dòng)換刀裝置的設(shè)計(jì)將仿效THK6363型自動(dòng)換刀數(shù)控鏜銑床換刀裝置，設(shè)計(jì)成由由盤式刀庫(kù)和回轉(zhuǎn)式雙臂機(jī)械手組成。
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